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English to Portuguese: O ecoturismo compensa General field: Other Detailed field: Environment & Ecology
Source text - English A new study has quantified a point long advocated by advocates of setting aside protected areas: ecotourism pays.
The research, published in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS), finds that communities neighboring conservation areas in Costa Rica had lower rates of poverty relative to other areas. The authors — economists Paul J. Ferraro of Georgia State University and Merlin M. Hanauer of Sonoma State University — attribute most of the benefit to opportunities afforded by tourism.
"Although protected areas reduced deforestation and increased regrowth, these land cover changes neither reduced nor exacerbated poverty, on average," the authors write. "Our analysis suggests that nearly two-thirds of the poverty reduction associated with the establishment of Costa Rican protected areas is causally attributable to tourism."
Read more at http://news.mongabay.com/2014/0224-ecotourism-reduces-poverty.html#8yc0EU2j5qXT8x1h.99
Translation - Portuguese
Um novo estudo quantificou um ponto defendido há muito tempo por aqueles que advogam que as áreas protegidas devem ser deixadas de lado: o ecoturismo compensa.
A pesquisa, publicada na revista científica americana Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS), mostra que na Costa Rica, as comunidades vizinhas às áreas de conservação possuíam índices de pobreza relativa menores do que as outras áreas. Os autores – os economistas Paul J. Ferraro da Georgia State University e Merlin M. Hanauer, da Sonoma State University – atribuem a maioria dos benefícios às oportunidades proporcionadas pelo turismo.
“Embora as áreas protegidas diminuíram o desmatamento e aumentaram a recuperação, essas mudanças nas coberturas dos solos não reduziram nem exacerbaram a pobreza, na média”, os autores escrevem. “Nossa análise sugere que quase dois terços da redução da pobreza associada com o estabelecimento de áreas protegidas, na Costa Rica, têm causalidade atribuível ao turismo”.
English to Portuguese: Reducing the Gap Between Africa's Rich and Poor Detailed field: Government / Politics
Source text - English Denis Cogneau, responsible for research at the Institute of Research for Development (IRD), explains that these inequalities in Africa have a well-defined historical origin [fr]:
Translation Original Quote
Postcolonial states inherited extractive economic and social institutions, characterised by a sharply marked dualism between a small formal sector and a huge informal sector, including farmers. Similarly, many countries are characterised by a dualism in education and health, distinguished by the coexistence of expensive, private and public elite institutions situated in the capital, and a core sector (primary schools and health centres) lacking personnel, poorly stocked, and unevenly spread out across the region. In this context, school plays a very dangerous role, as it was (and still is) one of the keys of entry “not only to jobs in the modern sector, but also to positions in the state apparatus and political power, mirroring the evolution of European societies”. Consequently, the unequal chances of gaining access imply a more marked reproduction of the political elite.
Translation - Portuguese Denis Cogneau, responsável pela área de pesquisa do Instituto de Pesquisa para o Desenvolvimento (IRD, na sigla em inglês), explica que essas desigualdades na África têm uma origem histórica bem definida:
Tradução Citação original
Os Estados pós-coloniais herdaram instituições econômicas e sociais extrativistas, caracterizadas pelo forte dualismo entre o pequeno setor formal e o amplo setor informal, incluindo os agricultores. Similarmente, muitos países são caracterizados pelo dualismo na educação e na saúde, diferenciadas pela coexistência de instituições caras, privadas e públicas de elites, situadas na capital, e do setor básico (escolas primárias e centros de saúde) com falta de pessoal, precariedade nos estoques, e desigualmente distribuído por toda a região. Nesse contexto, a escola desempenha um papel perigoso, como sendo (e ainda é) um ponto-chave de entrada “não somente para empregos do setor moderno, mas também para posições dentro do aparelho do Estado e do poder político, espelhando a evolução das sociedades europeias”. Consequentemente, as oportunidades desiguais de ganho de acesso implicam numa reprodução mais marcante da elite política.
English to Portuguese: Malaysia has the world's highest deforestation rate, reveals Google Detailed field: Forestry / Wood / Timber
Source text - English Malaysia had the world's highest rate of forest loss between 2000 and 2012, according to a new global forest map developed in partnership with Google.
Malaysia's total forest loss during the period amounted to 14.4 percent of its year 2000 forest cover. The loss translates to 47,278 square kilometers (18,244 square miles), an area larger than Denmark.
Malaysia's forest loss was partly offset by a 25,978 sq km gain in vegetation cover resulting from natural recovery, reforestation, and establishment of industrial timber and oil palm plantations. During the period, Malaysia's oil palm estate grew by roughly 50 percent or 17,000 sq km.
But tree plantations don't stack up well to natural forests into terms of biodiversity, carbon storage, or maintenance of ecosystem services, indicating that Malaysia suffered very extensive decline of its natural capital base. Most of Malaysia's forest loss occurred in its densest forests, those with tree cover exceeding 50 percent, which generally store the most carbon and are richest with wildlife, including endangered orangutans, pygmy elephants, Sumatran rhinos, and clouded leopards.
Translation - Portuguese A Malásia teve o maior índice de perda florestal no mundo entre os anos 2000 e 2012, de acordo com um novo mapa mundial de florestas desenvolvido em parceria com a Google.
O total das perdas florestais na Malásia durante o período totalizou 14,4 por cento da sua área de cobertura florestal no ano 2000. A perda se traduz em 47.278 quilômetros quadrados, uma área maior que a Dinamarca.
A perda florestal na Malásia foi parcialmente compensada pelo ganho de 25.978 quilômetros quadrados em cobertura de vegetal resultantes da recuperação natural, do reflorestamento, e do estabelecimento de plantações de madeira industrial e de óleo de palma. Durante o período, as plantações de óleo de palma cresceram cerca de 50 por cento ou 17.000 quilômetros quadrados.
Todavia, as plantações de árvores não se comparam às florestas naturais em termos de biodiversidade, estoques de carbono, ou na manutenção do serviços ecossistêmicos, indicando que a Malásia sofreu um declínio bastante extenso na base do seu capital natural. A maior perda florestal na Malásia ocorreu em suas florestas mais densas, aquelas com coberturas arbóreas excedendo a 50 por cento, as quais geralmente estocam a maior parte do carbono e que são as mais ricas em vida selvagem, incluindo os orangotangos em extinção, o elefante pigmeu, os rinocerontes de Sumatra, e os leopardos-nebulosos.
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