Glossary entry (derived from question below)
German term or phrase:
hochladend
English translation:
having high loading, loaded highly, high-loading
Added to glossary by
Susan Welsh
Oct 15, 2019 16:43
4 yrs ago
3 viewers *
German term
United States
Psychology, economics, politics
Native in: English 
Works in: Russian to English, German to English, English
hochladende Items
German to English
Social Sciences
Psychology
statistics
This is a discussion of questionnaires on guilt, and the subject here is statistical analysis. It has nothing to do with "uploading" of data, as to a server, as far as I can see, yet that is the only context in which I find hochladen ("upload"). I can't find "upload" as a term in factor analysis. Am I wrong?
Beispiele hochladender Items auf Faktor 1 sind Schuldgefühle bei den folgenden Situationen: “Stellen Sie sich vor, Sie betanken das Auto einer nahestehenden Person. Als Sie wegfahren wollen, raucht es aus der Motorhaube: Motorschaden” bzw. “Stellen Sie sich vor, Sie denken kritisch über eine nahestehende Person” bzw. “Stellen Sie sich vor, Sie sagen jemandem ab, der sich freut, Sie zu treffen.” Beispiele hochladender Items auf Faktor 2 sind Schuldgefühle bei den Situationen “Stellen Sie sich vor, Sie fahren zu schnell durch eine Wohnsiedlung.
Beispiele hochladender Items auf Faktor 1 sind Schuldgefühle bei den folgenden Situationen: “Stellen Sie sich vor, Sie betanken das Auto einer nahestehenden Person. Als Sie wegfahren wollen, raucht es aus der Motorhaube: Motorschaden” bzw. “Stellen Sie sich vor, Sie denken kritisch über eine nahestehende Person” bzw. “Stellen Sie sich vor, Sie sagen jemandem ab, der sich freut, Sie zu treffen.” Beispiele hochladender Items auf Faktor 2 sind Schuldgefühle bei den Situationen “Stellen Sie sich vor, Sie fahren zu schnell durch eine Wohnsiedlung.
Proposed translations
(English)
| 3 +4 | load highly on(to) |
Björn Vrooman
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| 3 | high-stress items |
TechLawDC
|
Proposed translations
+4
3 hrs
German term (edited):
hochladend
Selected
load highly on(to)
From a Bundestag document:
"Resilienzstudien...zeigen, dass neben Selbstwirksamkeit, die ein 'hochladender' Faktor ist, soziale Unterstützung der eigentlich 'höchstladendste' Faktor ist."
https://www.bundestag.de/resource/blob/482888/036ca67f750816...
They might be overdoing it a bit. Still, the above quote should make it pretty clear that this is about correlations:
“Die Ladung ist ein Koeffizient (R), der angibt, in welcher Höhe die Variable mit dem Faktor korreliert. Der quadrierte Korrelationskoeffizient (R2) gibt an, welcher Anteil der Varianz der Variable vom Faktor erklärt wird."
http://www.diepold.de/barbara/diss/3.pdf
"Faktorladung, Kennzahl, die nach gerechneter Faktorenanalyse angibt, wie hoch der Anteil eines Faktors an der Streuung (Varianz) eines in der Korrelationsmatrix enthaltenen Verfahrens ist; kennzeichnet die Stärke, mit der ein Faktor eine empirisch erhobene Variable linear determiniert. Sie liegt zwischen -1.0 und +1.0 und zeigt damit auch die (positive oder negative) Richtung an, in der ein solcher Faktor eine empirische Variable beeinflußt."
https://www.spektrum.de/lexikon/psychologie/faktorladung/467...
Faktorladung is indeed factor loading:
"Factor loadings are part of the outcome from factor analysis, which serves as a data reduction method designed to explain the correlations between observed variables using a smaller number of factors."
https://methods.sagepub.com/reference/encyc-of-research-desi...
"The coefficient of correlation of each variable with each factor is called a loading, and by examining which variables load highly on a factor it should be possible to deduce something about the nature of the factor"
http://www.tara.tcd.ie/bitstream/handle/2262/7278/jssisiVolX...
I think it would have helped if hochladend had been written as two words (hoch ladend), which is what a few GNS seem to do (cf Google Books). Some RL examples (last sentence includes "items"):
"Based on the variables loading highly onto Factor 1, we could call it..."
https://www.theanalysisfactor.com/factor-analysis-1-introduc...
"We can see that Items 6 and 7 load highly onto Factor 1 and Items 1, 3, 4, 5, and 8 load highly onto Factor 2. Item 2 does not seem to load highly on any factor."
https://stats.idre.ucla.edu/spss/seminars/introduction-to-fa...
"Some variables may not load highly on any factors"
https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Survey_research_and_design_i...
"An observed variable that is a good indicator of a latent factor is said to 'load highly' on that factor."
http://ibgwww.colorado.edu/twins2002/cdrom/HTML/BOOK/node133...
"The first‐order factors then load highly on the second‐order factor (factor loadings ranging from .66 to .99)."
http://nsse.indiana.edu/pdf/psychometric_portfolio/Validity_...
"What matters, is that you have a simple rule describing which items load highly on which factor."
https://www.applyingstatisticsinbehaviouralresearch.com/docu...
"Resilienzstudien...zeigen, dass neben Selbstwirksamkeit, die ein 'hochladender' Faktor ist, soziale Unterstützung der eigentlich 'höchstladendste' Faktor ist."
https://www.bundestag.de/resource/blob/482888/036ca67f750816...
They might be overdoing it a bit. Still, the above quote should make it pretty clear that this is about correlations:
“Die Ladung ist ein Koeffizient (R), der angibt, in welcher Höhe die Variable mit dem Faktor korreliert. Der quadrierte Korrelationskoeffizient (R2) gibt an, welcher Anteil der Varianz der Variable vom Faktor erklärt wird."
http://www.diepold.de/barbara/diss/3.pdf
"Faktorladung, Kennzahl, die nach gerechneter Faktorenanalyse angibt, wie hoch der Anteil eines Faktors an der Streuung (Varianz) eines in der Korrelationsmatrix enthaltenen Verfahrens ist; kennzeichnet die Stärke, mit der ein Faktor eine empirisch erhobene Variable linear determiniert. Sie liegt zwischen -1.0 und +1.0 und zeigt damit auch die (positive oder negative) Richtung an, in der ein solcher Faktor eine empirische Variable beeinflußt."
https://www.spektrum.de/lexikon/psychologie/faktorladung/467...
Faktorladung is indeed factor loading:
"Factor loadings are part of the outcome from factor analysis, which serves as a data reduction method designed to explain the correlations between observed variables using a smaller number of factors."
https://methods.sagepub.com/reference/encyc-of-research-desi...
"The coefficient of correlation of each variable with each factor is called a loading, and by examining which variables load highly on a factor it should be possible to deduce something about the nature of the factor"
http://www.tara.tcd.ie/bitstream/handle/2262/7278/jssisiVolX...
I think it would have helped if hochladend had been written as two words (hoch ladend), which is what a few GNS seem to do (cf Google Books). Some RL examples (last sentence includes "items"):
"Based on the variables loading highly onto Factor 1, we could call it..."
https://www.theanalysisfactor.com/factor-analysis-1-introduc...
"We can see that Items 6 and 7 load highly onto Factor 1 and Items 1, 3, 4, 5, and 8 load highly onto Factor 2. Item 2 does not seem to load highly on any factor."
https://stats.idre.ucla.edu/spss/seminars/introduction-to-fa...
"Some variables may not load highly on any factors"
https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Survey_research_and_design_i...
"An observed variable that is a good indicator of a latent factor is said to 'load highly' on that factor."
http://ibgwww.colorado.edu/twins2002/cdrom/HTML/BOOK/node133...
"The first‐order factors then load highly on the second‐order factor (factor loadings ranging from .66 to .99)."
http://nsse.indiana.edu/pdf/psychometric_portfolio/Validity_...
"What matters, is that you have a simple rule describing which items load highly on which factor."
https://www.applyingstatisticsinbehaviouralresearch.com/docu...
Peer comment(s):
| agree |
Joel Feinberg
4 hrs
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Thanks, Joel!
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| agree |
Ramey Rieger (X)
10 hrs
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Thanks, Ramey! See, I did post it in less than an hour.
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| agree |
Steffen Walter
10 hrs
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Thanks, Steffen!
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| neutral |
Gordon Matthews
: "hochladend" is an adjective and "Item" a noun, nicht wahr? I would therefore translate this as "high-loading factor".
13 hrs
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Thanks for your comment and d-box post, Gordon. I'll answer in the discussion box.
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| agree |
Armorel Young
: Yes (and don't confuse "items" with "factors". as Gordon seems to be doing - items load onto factors so they are quite separate things)
15 hrs
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Thanks, Armorel! Also, yes, I agree. TBH, I don't like the German sentence all that much.
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4 KudoZ points awarded for this answer.
Comment: "Thanks everybody!"
23 hrs
high-stress items
"high-stress" here meaning involving high stress to the participant.
(Of course the author might have said stressige Items, but it isn't the translator's function to criticize the author.)
--> It is possible that hochladende refers to the statistical treatment of the data, i.e. "highly weighted items" (highly weighted as to the statistical treatment). However, I do not read this, from the context as a whole.
(Perhaps more context would be desirable, to reveal exactly what Factor 1 and Factor 2 are.)
(Of course the author might have said stressige Items, but it isn't the translator's function to criticize the author.)
--> It is possible that hochladende refers to the statistical treatment of the data, i.e. "highly weighted items" (highly weighted as to the statistical treatment). However, I do not read this, from the context as a whole.
(Perhaps more context would be desirable, to reveal exactly what Factor 1 and Factor 2 are.)
Note from asker:
| On the factors, see my note in the Discussion under "Items." |
Discussion
"Varimax...that have high loadings on each factor."
That's why I said we found a good compromise. I also want to thank Gordon for the discussion. Maybe
have high loadings, high-loading, load highly on(to)
as a glossary entry, so people have some options.
Best
"bei der Datenerhebung eines von mehreren Merkmalen einer Untersuchungseinheit, siehe statistische Variable; Psychologische Diagnostik: einzelne Testfrage oder Testaufgabe in einem Test; Experimentelle Psychologie: Reiz, der bei Probanden eine spezifische Reaktion auslöst, die ausgewertet wird; in der Informatik ein Feld eines Datensatzes, siehe Datenfeld." // PS - It seems that this Wikipedia entry no longer exists (I had copied into my glossary), but here's a link that quotes from it: http://dictionnaire.sensagent.leparisien.fr/item/de-de/
Present participles are a horse of a different color (in all of the examples I gave I used a past participle), e.g., weitreichend = wide-ranging, similar to what you said.
I better not open this can of worms, as I think we now have a compromise everybody could live with. Also, I have a feeling there's no straightforward answer to this.
To your second point: No, I meant the exact opposite, e.g., that ENS used it first. It's the reason for the odd choice in German. Yes, it still looks weird to me, really weird, so it could be translation from a totally different language, though I wouldn't know which one.
As for items, I'm a bit unsure what you mean, e.g.:
http://korbedpsych.com/R09dItems.html
http://www.mnestudies.com/research/items-questionnaire
For example, there is "item indiscriminability":
https://dictionary.apa.org/item-discriminability
There are survey items:
https://www.scalelive.com/survey-items.html
And there is a Likert item (I know that one; used to study sociology):
https://www.verywellmind.com/what-is-a-likert-scale-2795333
I think it's widely used (in the social sciences).
Best
Although I would translate "hochladende Items" as "high-loading variables", the whole phrase "Beispiele hochladender Items auf Faktor 1..." would probably best be translated as follows: "Examples of items which have high loadings on factor 1 ..."
I suspect that you may be right about the terminology originating with non-native English speakers (or translators who are having to work too quickly?). I would be more inclined to talk about factors (or variables) which weigh heavily on other factors. One could also talk about particular factors carrying more weight.
I don't like the term "item" in this context. To my mind, an item is an object, usually physical, e.g. an item of luggage, which is not normally variable, although I suppose an item of luggage may vary in weight, depending on how many books I've packed into it. Perhaps this is a useful metaphor?
"Of the 18 high loading items, only one could be described as discrepant with other findings..."
http://richardhallam.co.uk/Downloads/TinManREV5.pdf
If you don't want to use the verb, may I suggest you use one of the following options:
"They also indicate that the items in this version, and perhaps other long versions, are not sufficient to define robust latent constructs: more items with high loadings..."
https://researchonline.lshtm.ac.uk/id/eprint/9949/1/1477-752...
"In a factor analysis it is common to find one item, or variable, which has a high loading on more than one factor."
http://imaging.mrc-cbu.cam.ac.uk/statswiki/FAQ/PlusFac
"Varimax: Minimizes the number of variables that have high loadings on each factor identified."
http://www.bwgriffin.com/gsu/posttenure2018/Presentation-EDU...
The second example in particular may work well in this context; I'm still wary of "auf," so I think, for the sake of clarity, you could use a relative clause.
Does that sound more like English?
Best wishes
Best
Nevertheless, I don't agree with high-loading.
1) What I posted can easily be found on UK and US websites and is used by, for example, IBM's SPSS and the University of California. I did a quick check for high-loading, but most (if not all) of the documents I found seem to have been written by non-ENS. I can't prove it yet, but I actually think the term originated in the English-speaking parts of the world and not the other way around.
2) How do you incorporate high-loading into Susan's sentence?
It says, "Beispiele hochladender Items auf Faktor 1..."
It's the items we're talking about, not the factor. Are you suggesting "high-loading on a factor"?
[Edit: I might add something later in another post.]
Best
As for what it sounds like, hochladend doesn't sound like German to me either =)
Here are another two UK links, by the way. British Pain Society:
"Catastrophizing does load on a general factor of pain distress, along
with anxiety, depression, pain interference, pain intensity, etc. (Mounce et al 2010, Campbell et al 2013) and clearly shares variance with them, and with mood in pain-free respondents, but proponents argue that it does not load highly enough to be subsumed by them,..."
https://www.rcoa.ac.uk/system/files/FPM-outcome-measures-201...
"Table one presents the factor loadings for the items on the first principal factor. As can be seen, all items load highly with one another."
http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/2982/1/WRAP_Williams_WRSCI_2.pdf
Best
Best
Susan still has to work, I assume. That's why she is so quiet, ha ha.
Don't know what Alexandra thinks, but I believe it should've better been hoch ladend (two words), just like (haus)hoch gewinnen.
Similar to Duden's recommendation to treat "tief liegend" as two words:
https://www.duden.de/rechtschreibung/tief_liegend
https://www.theanalysisfactor.com/factor-analysis-1-introduc...
"We can see that Items 6 and 7 load highly onto Factor 1 and Items 1, 3, 4, 5, and 8 load highly onto Factor 2. Item 2 does not seem to load highly on any factor."
https://stats.idre.ucla.edu/spss/seminars/introduction-to-fa...
"Some variables may not load highly on any factors"
https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Survey_research_and_design_i...
"An observed variable that is a good indicator of a latent factor is said to 'load highly' on that factor. "
http://ibgwww.colorado.edu/twins2002/cdrom/HTML/BOOK/node133...
"The first‐order factors then load highly on the second‐order factor
(factor loadings ranging from .66 to .99)."
http://nsse.indiana.edu/pdf/psychometric_portfolio/Validity_...
"What matters, is that you have a simple rule describing which items load highly on which factor."
https://www.applyingstatisticsinbehaviouralresearch.com/docu...
"Die Ladung ist ein Koeffizient (R), der angibt, in welcher Höhe die Variable mit dem Faktor korreliert. Der quadrierte Korrelationskoeffizient (R2) gibt an, welcher Anteil der Varianz der Variable vom Faktor erklärt wird."
http://www.diepold.de/barbara/diss/3.pdf
"Faktorladung, Kennzahl, die nach gerechneter Faktorenanalyse angibt, wie hoch der Anteil eines Faktors an der Streuung (Varianz) eines in der Korrelationsmatrix enthaltenen Verfahrens ist; kennzeichnet die Stärke, mit der ein Faktor eine empirisch erhobene Variable linear determiniert. Sie liegt zwischen -1.0 und +1.0 und zeigt damit auch die (positive oder negative) Richtung an, in der ein solcher Faktor eine empirische Variable beeinflußt."
https://www.spektrum.de/lexikon/psychologie/faktorladung/467...
And yes, they're called factor loadings:
https://methods.sagepub.com/reference/encyc-of-research-desi...
Best